RESUMO
COVID-19 was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO) on March 11, 2020. Since then, efforts were initiated to develop safe and effective vaccines. Till date, 11 vaccines have been included in the WHO’s emergency use list. The emergence and spread of variant strains of SARS-CoV-2 has altered the disease transmission dynamics, thus creating a need for continuously monitoring the real-world effectiveness of various vaccines and assessing their overall impact on disease control. To achieve this goal, the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) along with the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India, took the lead to develop the India COVID-19 Vaccination Tracker by synergizing three different public health databases: National COVID-19 testing database, CoWIN vaccination database and the COVID-19 India portal. A Vaccine Data Analytics Committee (VDAC) was constituted to advise on various modalities of the proposed tracker. The VDAC reviewed the data related to COVID-19 testing, vaccination and patient outcomes available in the three databases and selected relevant data points for inclusion in the tracker, following which databases were integrated, using common identifiers, wherever feasible. Multiple data filters were applied to retrieve information of all individuals ?18 yr who died after the acquisition of COVID-19 infection with or without vaccination, irrespective of the time between vaccination and test positivity. Vaccine effectiveness (VE) against the reduction of mortality and hospitalizations was initially assessed. As compared to the hospitalization data, mortality reporting was found to be much better in terms of correctness and completeness. Therefore, hospitalization data were not considered for analysis and presentation in the vaccine tracker. The vaccine tracker thus depicts VE against mortality, calculated by a cohort approach using person-time analysis. Incidence of COVID-19 deaths among one- and two-dose vaccine recipients was compared with that among unvaccinated groups, to estimate the rate ratios (RRs). VE was estimated as 96.6 and 97.5 per cent, with one and two doses of the vaccines, respectively, during the period of reporting. The India COVID-19 Vaccination Tracker was officially launched on September 9, 2021. The high VE against mortality, as demonstrated by the tracker, has helped aid in allaying vaccine hesitancy, augmenting and maintaining the momentum of India’s COVID-19 vaccination drive
RESUMO
Isoniazid resistance is a serious threat in the battle against the treatment of multi-drug resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) and extremely drug-resistant tuberculosis (XDR-TB). Isoniazid is an inhibitor of enoyl-acyl carrier protein reductase (InhA) of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which is an important and functional enzyme of the type II fatty acid synthesis system and important therapeutic target. Natural alkaloid tryptanthrin and its analogues have shown anti-tubercular activity against MDR-TB, but their cellular target is unknown. In this work, in silico molecular docking was performed using docking server in order to see the interaction of tryptanthrin and its 15 analogues with InhA of M. tuberculosis. Results showed that among tryptanthrin and its 15 analogues, tryptanthrin and its two analogues exhibited good affinity to the binding site of InhA with free binding energy of -7.94 kcal/mol and inhibition constant (Ki) of 1.50 µm. Active site residues of InhA interacting with tryptanthrin were Ser13, Thr39, Phe41, Leu63, Asp64, Val65, Ile95, Phe97 and Ile122. In binding mode, polar bond were found between O1 (1) with Asp64 of bond length (3.34 Å) and hydrophobic bonds were found between Leu63 with C15 and C12, Val65 with C7, Val65 with C12 and C4, Ile95 with C6 and C7, Ile95 with C10, C12 and C14. Important pi-pi bonds were found between Phe41 with C2, C5, C7, C12, C4, C6, C8, C9, C13 and Phe97 with C9. These interactions indicated stability of tryptanthrin in active residue and suggested it as a potential drug candidate. Thus, good affinity of tryptanthrin to binding site of InhA may lead to synthesis of anti-tubercular drug capable of combating MDR strains of M. tuberculosis